What to See in China’s Historical Capitals

China’s historical capitals are a treasure trove of cultural and architectural marvels that span over millennia. Each city offers a unique glimpse into the rich tapestry of Chinese history, showcasing imperial palaces, ancient temples, and vibrant streets that echo with stories of the past. This article delves into the must-see attractions in some of China's most significant historical capitals, including Xi’an, Beijing, Nanjing, and Luoyang. From the awe-inspiring Terracotta Army in Xi’an to the majestic Forbidden City in Beijing, these cities provide a fascinating journey through China’s imperial history.

Xi’an: Known as the starting point of the Silk Road, Xi’an was once the capital of several ancient Chinese dynasties, including the Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang.

• Terracotta Army: Discovered in 1974, the Terracotta Army is one of the most significant archaeological finds of the 20th century. This vast army of life-sized clay soldiers, horses, and chariots was buried with the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to accompany him in the afterlife. The site includes three main pits, each containing thousands of figures arranged in battle formation, offering an extraordinary insight into the military might and artistic prowess of the Qin Dynasty.

• Xi’an City Wall: The Xi’an City Wall is one of the best-preserved ancient city walls in China. Originally constructed during the Ming Dynasty, it stretches over 13 kilometers and offers panoramic views of the city. Visitors can walk or cycle along the top of the wall, experiencing a blend of history and modernity as they look out over the cityscape.

• Big Wild Goose Pagoda: This iconic pagoda, built during the Tang Dynasty, was originally constructed to house Buddhist scriptures brought from India by the monk Xuanzang. The pagoda is a masterpiece of ancient Chinese architecture and a symbol of Xi’an's historical role as a center of Buddhism.

• Shaanxi History Museum: The museum houses an extensive collection of artifacts from the region’s long history, including relics from the Zhou, Qin, Han, and Tang dynasties. Its exhibits provide context to the archaeological discoveries in Xi’an and offer a deeper understanding of Chinese civilization.

Beijing: As China’s current capital, Beijing has a rich history that reflects its status as the political and cultural heart of the nation. It was the capital of the Ming and Qing dynasties and has played a central role in Chinese history for over 800 years.

• Forbidden City: The Forbidden City, or Palace Museum, was the imperial palace for 24 emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It is a vast complex of palaces and courtyards, renowned for its intricate architecture and rich collection of art and historical artifacts. The Forbidden City is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a must-visit for anyone interested in China’s imperial history.

• Temple of Heaven: This ancient temple complex, constructed during the Ming Dynasty, was used by emperors to pray for good harvests. The Temple of Heaven is known for its unique circular hall and the surrounding parkland, which is a popular spot for locals engaging in traditional activities such as Tai Chi.

• Summer Palace: The Summer Palace is an expansive royal garden that served as a summer retreat for the emperors of the Qing Dynasty. It features a beautiful lake, a long corridor with exquisite murals, and numerous pavilions and temples. The Summer Palace showcases the blend of natural beauty and man-made structures typical of traditional Chinese gardens.

• Tiananmen Square: One of the largest public squares in the world, Tiananmen Square is a site of significant historical and political events. It is surrounded by important buildings such as the National Museum of China, the Great Hall of the People, and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong. The square is a focal point of modern Chinese history and a symbol of the nation’s political and cultural identity.

Nanjing: Nanjing, the capital of China during several historical periods, including the Ming Dynasty and the Republic of China, is known for its historical significance and cultural heritage.

• Nanjing Ming City Wall: The Ming City Wall of Nanjing is one of the longest city walls ever built in China. Constructed during the Ming Dynasty, the wall stretches for over 30 kilometers and features several preserved gates and watchtowers. Walking along the wall provides a unique perspective on the city’s historical defenses.

• Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum: Located on the southern slopes of the Purple Mountain, the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is the final resting place of Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of modern China. The mausoleum is an impressive structure set amidst beautiful natural scenery and is a site of great national significance.

• Nanjing Museum: The Nanjing Museum is one of the largest and oldest museums in China, with a vast collection of historical artifacts, including ancient ceramics, calligraphy, and paintings. The museum’s exhibits offer insight into the region’s rich cultural and historical legacy.

• Confucius Temple Area: The Confucius Temple Area, also known as Fuzimiao, is a historic district featuring a large Confucian temple and a traditional shopping street. The area is renowned for its traditional architecture, cultural shops, and food stalls, providing a glimpse into the life and culture of ancient Nanjing.

Luoyang: Luoyang, one of China’s ancient capitals, was the seat of power for several dynasties, including the Wei, Jin, and Tang. The city is known for its historical landmarks and its role in the development of Chinese civilization.

• Longmen Grottoes: The Longmen Grottoes are a series of Buddhist cave temples carved into the cliffs along the Yi River. The site contains thousands of statues and inscriptions from the Northern Wei to the Tang Dynasties. The grottoes are renowned for their exquisite sculptures and intricate carvings, offering a window into the Buddhist art and culture of ancient China.

• White Horse Temple: Considered the first Buddhist temple built in China, the White Horse Temple is an important site for Buddhism. Founded during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the temple has played a crucial role in the spread of Buddhism throughout China and is a symbol of the country’s early engagement with this religion.

• Luoyang Museum: The Luoyang Museum features a collection of artifacts from the city’s long history, including items from the Shang and Zhou dynasties, as well as relics from the Tang Dynasty. The museum provides context for Luoyang’s historical significance and offers visitors a deeper understanding of its past.

• Guanlin Temple: The Guanlin Temple is dedicated to Guan Yu, a legendary figure from the Three Kingdoms period. The temple complex includes a mausoleum, various pavilions, and statues dedicated to this revered historical and mythical figure, making it a site of cultural and historical importance.

China’s historical capitals are more than just destinations; they are living museums that offer a rich and immersive experience of the country’s past. From the grandeur of Beijing’s imperial architecture to the spiritual significance of Luoyang’s ancient temples, each city provides a unique chapter in the story of China’s long and storied history.